WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition

WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
By Herman Schoenfeld

In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
accurately accounts for the collapse times of the World Trade Center
towers. A top-down controlled demolition can be simply characterized
as a "pancake collapse" of a building missing its support columns.
This demolition profile requires that the support columns holding a
floor be destroyed just before that floor is collided with by the
upper falling masses. The net effect is a pancake-style collapse at
near free fall speed.

This model predicts a WTC 1 collapse time of 11.38 seconds, and a WTC
2 collapse time of 9.48 seconds. Those times accurately match the
seismographic data of those events.1 Refer to equations (1.9) and
(1.10) for details.

It should be noted that this model differs massively from the "natural
pancake collapse" in that the geometrical composition of the structure
is not considered (as it is physically destroyed). A natural pancake
collapse features a diminishing velocity rapidly approaching rest due
the resistance offered by the columns and surrounding "steel mesh".

DEMOLITION MODEL

A top-down controlled demolition of a building is considered as
follows

1. An initial block of j floors commences to free fall.

2. The floor below the collapsing block has its support structures
disabled just prior the collision with the block.

3. The collapsing block merges with the momentarily levitating floor,
increases in mass, decreases in velocity (but preserves momentum), and
continues to free fall.

4. If not at ground floor, goto step 2.


Let j be the number of floors in the initial set of collapsing floors.
Let N be the number of remaining floors to collapse.
Let h be the average floor height.
Let g be the gravitational field strength at ground-level.
Let T be the total collapse time.

Using the elementary motion equation

distance = (initial velocity) * time + 1/2 * acceleration * time^2

We solve for the time taken by the k'th floor to free fall the height
of one floor

[1.1] t_k=(-u_k+(u_k^2+2gh))/g

where u_k is the initial velocity of the k'th collapsing floor.

The total collapse time is the sum of the N individual free fall times

[1.2] T = sum(k=0)^N (-u_k+(u_k^2+2gh))/g

Now the mass of the k'th floor at the point of collapse is the mass of
itself (m) plus the mass of all the floors collapsed before it (k-1)m
plus the mass on the initial collapsing block jm.

[1.3] m_k=m+(k-1)m+jm =(j+k)m

If we let u_k denote the initial velocity of the k'th collapsing
floor, the final velocity reached by that floor prior to collision
with its below floor is

[1.4] v_k=SQRT(u_k^2+2gh)


which follows from the elementary equation of motion

(final velocity)^2 = (initial velocity)^2 + 2 * (acceleration) *
(distance)

Conservation of momentum demands that the initial momentum of the k'th
floor equal the final momemtum of the (k-1)'th floor.

[1.5] m_k u_k = m_(k-1) v_(k-1)


Substituting (1.3) and (1.4) into (1.5)
[1.6] (j + k)m u_k= (j + k - 1)m SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+ 2gh)


Solving for the initial velocity u_k

[1.7] u_k=(j + k - 1)/(j + k) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+2gh)


Which is a recurrence equation with base value

[1.8] u_0=0



The WTC towers were 417 meters tall and had 110 floors. Tower 1 began
collapsing on the 93rd floor. Making substitutions N=93, j=17 , g=9.8
into (1.2) and (1.7) gives


[1.9] WTC 1 Collapse Time = sum(k=0)^93 (-u_k+(u_k^2+74.28))/9.8 =
11.38 sec
where
u_k=(16+ k)/(17+ k ) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+74.28) ;/ u_0=0



Tower 2 began collapsing on the 77th floor. Making substitutions N=77,
j=33 , g=9.8 into (1.2) and (1.7) gives


[1.10] WTC 2 Collapse Time =sum(k=0)^77 (-u_k+(u_k^2+74.28))/9.8 =
9.48 sec
Where
u_k=(32+k)/(33+k) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+74.28) ;/ u_0=0


REFERENCES

"Seismic Waves Generated By Aircraft Impacts and Building Collapses at
World Trade Center ", http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/LCSN/Eq...C_LDEO_KIM.pdf

APPENDIX A: HASKELL SIMULATION PROGRAM

This function returns the gravitational field strength in SI units.

> g :: Double
> g = 9.8

This function calculates the total time for a top-down demolition.
Parameters:
_H - the total height of building
_N - the number of floors in building
_J - the floor number which initiated the top-down cascade (the 0'th
floor being the ground floor)


> cascadeTime :: Double -> Double -> Double -> Double
> cascadeTime _H _N _J = sum [ (- (u k) + sqrt( (u k)^2 + 2*g*h))/g | k<-[0..n]]
> where
> j = _N - _J
> n = _N - j
> h = _H/_N
> u 0 = 0
> u k = (j + k - 1)/(j + k) * sqrt( (u (k-1))^2 + 2*g*h )


Simulates a top-down demolition of WTC 1 in SI units.

> wtc1 :: Double
> wtc1 = cascadeTime 417 110 93

Simulates a top-down demolition of WTC 2 in SI units.

> wtc2 :: Double
> wtc2 = cascadeTime 417 110 77

In article <7237acf9-a941-4720-9e65-23a32c1c6c22
@i29g2000prf.googlegroups.com>, says...
> WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
> By Herman Schoenfeld
>
> In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
> accurately accounts for the collapse times of the

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||
TROLL-O-METER

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||
BULL****-O-METER

In article >, RBrickston says...
>
>In article <7237acf9-a941-4720-9e65-23a32c1c6c22
>, says...
>> WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
>> By Herman Schoenfeld
>>
>> In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
>> accurately accounts for the collapse times of the
>
>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
>||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||
>TROLL-O-METER
>
>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
>||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||
>BULL****-O-METER

actually, weren't the WTCs-Were-Blown-Up-By-Secret-CIA-Elves(or whatever it is
they claim) people created simply to make the UFO people look sane?

i'm sure that's the case.

most sincerely,

GodBuilt


--
-----------------------------------------------
"I like to drink, I like to drive, I like to think all of the Jews got out of
the Holocaust alive, my name is Mel, and can't you tell, I like Tequila!"

Denis Leary

On The Highways and Bi-Ways God Built said:

> RBrickston says...
>
> > says...
> >
> >> WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
> >> By Herman Schoenfeld
> >>
> >> In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
> >> accurately accounts for the collapse times of the
> >
> >
> > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
> > |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||
> > TROLL-O-METER
> >
> > 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
> > |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||
> > BULL****-O-METER
>
>
> actually, weren't the WTCs-Were-Blown-Up-By-Secret-CIA-Elves(or whatever it is
> they claim) people created simply to make the UFO people look sane?
>
> i'm sure that's the case.
>
> most sincerely,
>
> GodBuilt


Personally, I believe the elves are trying to distract us all
from finding out the truth to the fifty-six year-old question:
Did or didn't Marcy get nasty with all three guys named Mike?

<big wave>


--
Cm~

"His horror is wild, but it is a sane horror."
- G K Chesterton

The question isn't who destroyed the WTCs...the question is who made
crazy money on investments that day. Remember the investigation
determined that and it was immediately sealed to protect Bush's
pals...

On Wed, 5 Dec 2007 03:38:28 -0800 (PST),
wrote:

>WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
>By Herman Schoenfeld
>
>In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
>accurately accounts for the collapse times of the World Trade Center
>towers. A top-down controlled demolition can be simply characterized
>as a "pancake collapse" of a building missing its support columns.
>This demolition profile requires that the support columns holding a
>floor be destroyed just before that floor is collided with by the
>upper falling masses. The net effect is a pancake-style collapse at
>near free fall speed.
>
>This model predicts a WTC 1 collapse time of 11.38 seconds, and a WTC
>2 collapse time of 9.48 seconds. Those times accurately match the
>seismographic data of those events.1 Refer to equations (1.9) and
>(1.10) for details.
>
>It should be noted that this model differs massively from the "natural
>pancake collapse" in that the geometrical composition of the structure
>is not considered (as it is physically destroyed). A natural pancake
>collapse features a diminishing velocity rapidly approaching rest due
>the resistance offered by the columns and surrounding "steel mesh".
>
>DEMOLITION MODEL
>
>A top-down controlled demolition of a building is considered as
>follows
>
> 1. An initial block of j floors commences to free fall.
>
> 2. The floor below the collapsing block has its support structures
>disabled just prior the collision with the block.
>
> 3. The collapsing block merges with the momentarily levitating floor,
>increases in mass, decreases in velocity (but preserves momentum), and
>continues to free fall.
>
> 4. If not at ground floor, goto step 2.
>
>
>Let j be the number of floors in the initial set of collapsing floors.
>Let N be the number of remaining floors to collapse.
>Let h be the average floor height.
>Let g be the gravitational field strength at ground-level.
>Let T be the total collapse time.
>
>Using the elementary motion equation
>
> distance = (initial velocity) * time + 1/2 * acceleration * time^2
>
>We solve for the time taken by the k'th floor to free fall the height
>of one floor
>
> [1.1] t_k=(-u_k+(u_k^2+2gh))/g
>
>where u_k is the initial velocity of the k'th collapsing floor.
>
>The total collapse time is the sum of the N individual free fall times
>
> [1.2] T = sum(k=0)^N (-u_k+(u_k^2+2gh))/g
>
>Now the mass of the k'th floor at the point of collapse is the mass of
>itself (m) plus the mass of all the floors collapsed before it (k-1)m
>plus the mass on the initial collapsing block jm.
>
> [1.3] m_k=m+(k-1)m+jm =(j+k)m
>
>If we let u_k denote the initial velocity of the k'th collapsing
>floor, the final velocity reached by that floor prior to collision
>with its below floor is
>
> [1.4] v_k=SQRT(u_k^2+2gh)
>
>
>which follows from the elementary equation of motion
>
>(final velocity)^2 = (initial velocity)^2 + 2 * (acceleration) *
>(distance)
>
>Conservation of momentum demands that the initial momentum of the k'th
>floor equal the final momemtum of the (k-1)'th floor.
>
> [1.5] m_k u_k = m_(k-1) v_(k-1)
>
>
>Substituting (1.3) and (1.4) into (1.5)
> [1.6] (j + k)m u_k= (j + k - 1)m SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+ 2gh)
>
>
>Solving for the initial velocity u_k
>
> [1.7] u_k=(j + k - 1)/(j + k) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+2gh)
>
>
>Which is a recurrence equation with base value
>
> [1.8] u_0=0
>
>
>
>The WTC towers were 417 meters tall and had 110 floors. Tower 1 began
>collapsing on the 93rd floor. Making substitutions N=93, j=17 , g=9.8
>into (1.2) and (1.7) gives
>
>
> [1.9] WTC 1 Collapse Time = sum(k=0)^93 (-u_k+(u_k^2+74.28))/9.8 =
>11.38 sec
> where
> u_k=(16+ k)/(17+ k ) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+74.28) ;/ u_0=0
>
>
>
>Tower 2 began collapsing on the 77th floor. Making substitutions N=77,
>j=33 , g=9.8 into (1.2) and (1.7) gives
>
>
> [1.10] WTC 2 Collapse Time =sum(k=0)^77 (-u_k+(u_k^2+74.28))/9.8 =
>9.48 sec
> Where
> u_k=(32+k)/(33+k) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+74.28) ;/ u_0=0
>
>
>REFERENCES
>
>"Seismic Waves Generated By Aircraft Impacts and Building Collapses at
>World Trade Center ", http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/LCSN/Eq...C_LDEO_KIM.pdf
>
>APPENDIX A: HASKELL SIMULATION PROGRAM
>
>This function returns the gravitational field strength in SI units.
>
>> g :: Double
>> g = 9.8
>
>This function calculates the total time for a top-down demolition.
>Parameters:
> _H - the total height of building
> _N - the number of floors in building
> _J - the floor number which initiated the top-down cascade (the 0'th
>floor being the ground floor)
>
>
>> cascadeTime :: Double -> Double -> Double -> Double
>> cascadeTime _H _N _J = sum [ (- (u k) + sqrt( (u k)^2 + 2*g*h))/g | k<-[0..n]]
>> where
>> j = _N - _J
>> n = _N - j
>> h = _H/_N
>> u 0 = 0
>> u k = (j + k - 1)/(j + k) * sqrt( (u (k-1))^2 + 2*g*h )
>
>
>Simulates a top-down demolition of WTC 1 in SI units.
>
>> wtc1 :: Double
>> wtc1 = cascadeTime 417 110 93
>
>Simulates a top-down demolition of WTC 2 in SI units.
>
>> wtc2 :: Double
>> wtc2 = cascadeTime 417 110 77



O'ROURKE: I mean, this is lots of fun attacking George Bush, who is an
idiot and obviously screwed up on this completely
BEHAR: Thank you!
MAHER: Oh, thank you!

PJ O'Rourke on Bill Maher show 9/16/2005

In article >, Doctor Evil
> wrote:

> The question isn't who destroyed the WTCs...the question is who made
> crazy money on investments that day. Remember the investigation
> determined that and it was immediately sealed to protect Bush's
> pals...

You Truthers are really a disgusting lot.

In article >, Doctor Evil says...
>
>The question isn't who destroyed the WTCs...the question is who made
>crazy money on investments that day. Remember the investigation
>determined that and it was immediately sealed to protect Bush's
>pals...


really? where was that reported??? i mean besides on
idonthaveagirlfriendso9-11wasaninsidejob.com?

most sincerely,

GodBuilt




>On Wed, 5 Dec 2007 03:38:28 -0800 (PST),
>wrote:
>
>>WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
>>By Herman Schoenfeld
>>
>>In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
>>accurately accounts for the collapse times of the World Trade Center
>>towers. A top-down controlled demolition can be simply characterized
>>as a "pancake collapse" of a building missing its support columns.
>>This demolition profile requires that the support columns holding a
>>floor be destroyed just before that floor is collided with by the
>>upper falling masses. The net effect is a pancake-style collapse at
>>near free fall speed.
>>
>>This model predicts a WTC 1 collapse time of 11.38 seconds, and a WTC
>>2 collapse time of 9.48 seconds. Those times accurately match the
>>seismographic data of those events.1 Refer to equations (1.9) and
>>(1.10) for details.
>>
>>It should be noted that this model differs massively from the "natural
>>pancake collapse" in that the geometrical composition of the structure
>>is not considered (as it is physically destroyed). A natural pancake
>>collapse features a diminishing velocity rapidly approaching rest due
>>the resistance offered by the columns and surrounding "steel mesh".
>>
>>DEMOLITION MODEL
>>
>>A top-down controlled demolition of a building is considered as
>>follows
>>
>> 1. An initial block of j floors commences to free fall.
>>
>> 2. The floor below the collapsing block has its support structures
>>disabled just prior the collision with the block.
>>
>> 3. The collapsing block merges with the momentarily levitating floor,
>>increases in mass, decreases in velocity (but preserves momentum), and
>>continues to free fall.
>>
>> 4. If not at ground floor, goto step 2.
>>
>>
>>Let j be the number of floors in the initial set of collapsing floors.
>>Let N be the number of remaining floors to collapse.
>>Let h be the average floor height.
>>Let g be the gravitational field strength at ground-level.
>>Let T be the total collapse time.
>>
>>Using the elementary motion equation
>>
>> distance = (initial velocity) * time + 1/2 * acceleration * time^2
>>
>>We solve for the time taken by the k'th floor to free fall the height
>>of one floor
>>
>> [1.1] t_k=(-u_k+(u_k^2+2gh))/g
>>
>>where u_k is the initial velocity of the k'th collapsing floor.
>>
>>The total collapse time is the sum of the N individual free fall times
>>
>> [1.2] T = sum(k=0)^N (-u_k+(u_k^2+2gh))/g
>>
>>Now the mass of the k'th floor at the point of collapse is the mass of
>>itself (m) plus the mass of all the floors collapsed before it (k-1)m
>>plus the mass on the initial collapsing block jm.
>>
>> [1.3] m_k=m+(k-1)m+jm =(j+k)m
>>
>>If we let u_k denote the initial velocity of the k'th collapsing
>>floor, the final velocity reached by that floor prior to collision
>>with its below floor is
>>
>> [1.4] v_k=SQRT(u_k^2+2gh)
>>
>>
>>which follows from the elementary equation of motion
>>
>>(final velocity)^2 = (initial velocity)^2 + 2 * (acceleration) *
>>(distance)
>>
>>Conservation of momentum demands that the initial momentum of the k'th
>>floor equal the final momemtum of the (k-1)'th floor.
>>
>> [1.5] m_k u_k = m_(k-1) v_(k-1)
>>
>>
>>Substituting (1.3) and (1.4) into (1.5)
>> [1.6] (j + k)m u_k= (j + k - 1)m SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+ 2gh)
>>
>>
>>Solving for the initial velocity u_k
>>
>> [1.7] u_k=(j + k - 1)/(j + k) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+2gh)
>>
>>
>>Which is a recurrence equation with base value
>>
>> [1.8] u_0=0
>>
>>
>>
>>The WTC towers were 417 meters tall and had 110 floors. Tower 1 began
>>collapsing on the 93rd floor. Making substitutions N=93, j=17 , g=9.8
>>into (1.2) and (1.7) gives
>>
>>
>> [1.9] WTC 1 Collapse Time = sum(k=0)^93 (-u_k+(u_k^2+74.28))/9.8 =
>>11.38 sec
>> where
>> u_k=(16+ k)/(17+ k ) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+74.28) ;/ u_0=0
>>
>>
>>
>>Tower 2 began collapsing on the 77th floor. Making substitutions N=77,
>>j=33 , g=9.8 into (1.2) and (1.7) gives
>>
>>
>> [1.10] WTC 2 Collapse Time =sum(k=0)^77 (-u_k+(u_k^2+74.28))/9.8 =
>>9.48 sec
>> Where
>> u_k=(32+k)/(33+k) SQRT(u_(k-1)^2+74.28) ;/ u_0=0
>>
>>
>>REFERENCES
>>
>>"Seismic Waves Generated By Aircraft Impacts and Building Collapses at
>>World Trade Center ",
>>http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/LCSN/Eq...C_LDEO_KIM.pdf
>>
>>APPENDIX A: HASKELL SIMULATION PROGRAM
>>
>>This function returns the gravitational field strength in SI units.
>>
>>> g :: Double
>>> g = 9.8
>>
>>This function calculates the total time for a top-down demolition.
>>Parameters:
>> _H - the total height of building
>> _N - the number of floors in building
>> _J - the floor number which initiated the top-down cascade (the 0'th
>>floor being the ground floor)
>>
>>
>>> cascadeTime :: Double -> Double -> Double -> Double
>>>cascadeTime _H _N _J = sum [ (- (u k) + sqrt( (u k)^2 + 2*g*h))/g | k<-[0..n]]
>>> where
>>> j = _N - _J
>>> n = _N - j
>>> h = _H/_N
>>> u 0 = 0
>>>u k = (j + k - 1)/(j + k) * sqrt( (u (k-1))^2 + 2*g*h )
>>
>>
>>Simulates a top-down demolition of WTC 1 in SI units.
>>
>>> wtc1 :: Double
>>> wtc1 = cascadeTime 417 110 93
>>
>>Simulates a top-down demolition of WTC 2 in SI units.
>>
>>> wtc2 :: Double
>>> wtc2 = cascadeTime 417 110 77
>
>
>
>O'ROURKE: I mean, this is lots of fun attacking George Bush, who is an
>idiot and obviously screwed up on this completely
>BEHAR: Thank you!
>MAHER: Oh, thank you!
>
>PJ O'Rourke on Bill Maher show 9/16/2005


--
-----------------------------------------------
"I like to drink, I like to drive, I like to think all of the Jews got out of
the Holocaust alive, my name is Mel, and can't you tell, I like Tequila!"

Denis Leary

wrote:
> WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
> By Herman Schoenfeld

Go away, Truther Douchebag!!!

Truthers are dumb people. Don't be dumb.

Venger

On The Highways and Bi-Ways God Built wrote:

> In article >, RBrickston says...
>
>>In article <7237acf9-a941-4720-9e65-23a32c1c6c22
>, says...
>>
>>>WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
>>>By Herman Schoenfeld
>>>
>>>In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
>>>accurately accounts for the collapse times of the
>>
>>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
>>|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||
>>TROLL-O-METER
>>
>>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
>>|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||
>>BULL****-O-METER
>
>
> actually, weren't the WTCs-Were-Blown-Up-By-Secret-CIA-Elves(or whatever it is
> they claim) people created simply to make the UFO people look sane?
>
> i'm sure that's the case.
>
> most sincerely,
>
> GodBuilt
>

d00d, I thot we determined that they were /Jewish/ elves.
Didn't we prove that about six months ago already?
Like, if the U.S. would just quit insisting that there was such a
thing as "the Holocaust," the Palestinians would /LUUuve/ the Jews
and stop blowing up their public markets, or schoolbuses, or
whatever, so these Jewish Elves made us an offer we couldn't refuse.
And didn't we determine that it was the Mossad who planted all
that phoney information about WMDs in /Iraq/, because they LUUuve the
Palestinians so much and want to protect them from our dire
retribution for their (Mossad elves') sneaky, underhanded destruction
of our World Phallic Symbols?

Because if it wasn't the Mossad (the probability is only 97.6 +/-
1.2%, you know), it was /definately/ an unfriendly spacecraft
masquerading as a UAL flight from Baahstin after forcing the /real/
flight down in the tobacco swamps of Rhode Island.

--
-------(m+
~/)_|
Gresham's Law is not worth a Continental.
http://scrawlmark.org

Barbara's Cat wrote:

> On The Highways and Bi-Ways God Built said:
>
>
>>RBrickston says...
>>
>>
says...
>>>
>>>
>>>>WTC Towers: The Case For Controlled Demolition
>>>>By Herman Schoenfeld
>>>>
>>>>In this article we show that "top-down" controlled demolition
>>>>accurately accounts for the collapse times of the
>>>
>>>
>>>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
>>>||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
>>>TROLL-O-METER
>>>
>>>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +10dB
>>>||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
>>>BULL****-O-METER
>>
>>
>>actually, weren't the WTCs-Were-Blown-Up-By-Secret-CIA-Elves(or whatever it is
>>they claim) people created simply to make the UFO people look sane?
>>
>>i'm sure that's the case.
>>
>>most sincerely,
>>
>>GodBuilt
>
>
>
> Personally, I believe the elves are trying to distract us all
> from finding out the truth to the fifty-six year-old question:
> Did or didn't Marcy get nasty with all three guys named Mike?
>
> <big wave>
>

Whatsamatta U?
Beaver Cleaver answered that question in The Big Thanksgiving Episode.
You trine distract us from counting elves, or what?

Elf-Lover!

--
-------(m+
~/)_|
Gresham's Law is not worth a Continental.
http://scrawlmark.org